{"id":4057,"date":"2020-05-08T16:03:07","date_gmt":"2020-05-08T14:03:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/finharmony.net\/staging\/?p=4057"},"modified":"2024-05-10T16:30:44","modified_gmt":"2024-05-10T14:30:44","slug":"quest-ce-que-le-petrole-de-schiste","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/finharmony.net\/staging\/quest-ce-que-le-petrole-de-schiste\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole de schiste\u00a0?"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\"\"Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole de schiste\u00a0?<\/p>\n

Par Christophe Marion <\/a><\/p>\n

Le p\u00e9trole de schiste, \u00ab\u00a0shale oil<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, est un p\u00e9trole l\u00e9ger contenu dans une roche \u00e0 faible porosit\u00e9, en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du schiste. Puisque cette roche est peu perm\u00e9able, le p\u00e9trole ne peut pas facilement percoler vers la t\u00eate de forage pour remonter \u00e0 la surface.<\/p>\n

Pour produire du p\u00e9trole (ou du gaz) de schiste, il faut donc fracturer la roche, pour y cr\u00e9er des fissures. La technique la plus r\u00e9pandue est la fracturation hydraulique,\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0 fracking\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>, qui consiste \u00e0 injecter de l\u2019eau \u00e0 forte pression. Cette technique est l\u2019objet de critiques parce que la fa\u00e7on dont la roche se fracture n\u2019est pas totalement maitris\u00e9e (risque sismique) et parce que l\u2019eau inject\u00e9e doit \u00eatre additionn\u00e9e de produits chimiques, pour am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du proc\u00e9d\u00e9. La nature exacte des produits utilis\u00e9s est un secret de fabrication. Or, certains de ces produits sont toxiques et susceptibles de remonter \u00e0 la surface, ou de polluer les nappes phr\u00e9atiques. Par ailleurs, l\u2019utilisation de grandes quantit\u00e9s d\u2019eau pose probl\u00e8me dans les r\u00e9gions d\u00e9j\u00e0 soumises \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse.<\/p>\n

En plus de l\u2019eau, on injecte aussi du sable, afin que les fissures cr\u00e9\u00e9es par la fracturation ne se referment pas sous la pression des roches situ\u00e9es au-dessus.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est la maitrise du forage horizontal, tant d\u2019un point de vue technique qu\u2019en termes de co\u00fbt, qui a rendu rentable la production de p\u00e9trole (et de gaz) de schiste au cours des derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Il permet avec une seule installation en surface de forer dans l\u2019\u00e9paisseur de la couche g\u00e9ologique qui contient les hydrocarbures.<\/p>\n

Le p\u00e9trole de schiste n\u00e9cessite en permanence de nouvelles campagnes de forage (et de fracturation), au fur et \u00e0 mesure que le gisement est exploit\u00e9. Ces campagnes repr\u00e9sentent d\u2019importants investissements que les producteurs doivent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement renouveler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\nA\u00a0: Gaz naturel \u00ab\u00a0conventionnel\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

B\u00a0: P\u00e9trole \u00ab\u00a0conventionnel\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

C\u00a0: P\u00e9trole (ou gaz) de schiste<\/p>\n

D\u00a0: P\u00e9trole (ou gaz) de roche-m\u00e8re<\/p>\n

Le forage horizontal (ou directionnel) permet d\u2019acc\u00e9der au p\u00e9trole (ou au gaz) qui n\u2019a pas migr\u00e9 vers la roche-r\u00e9servoir.<\/p>\n

La roche peu perm\u00e9able (schiste, gr\u00e8s ou calcaire) doit \u00eatre fractur\u00e9e, pour que les hydrocarbures remontent \u00e0 la surface.<\/p>\n

Source\u00a0: Wikipedia modifi\u00e9 par nos soins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Attention aux faux-amis<\/u> : on utilise souvent le terme \u00ab\u00a0de schiste\u00a0\u00bb, m\u00eame quand la roche d\u2019origine n\u2019est pas du schiste. Quand on veut distinguer le p\u00e9trole issu des autres roches, on l\u2019appelle \u00ab\u00a0tight oil<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, ou \u00ab\u00a0light tight oil<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb (LTO), cette roche ayant la particularit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre \u00e9tanche. En fran\u00e7ais, on dit p\u00e9trole (ou gaz) de r\u00e9servoir compact. Certaines statistiques distinguent \u00ab\u00a0shale oil<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb (contenu dans le schiste) et \u00ab\u00a0tight oil<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb (contenu dans le gr\u00e8s ou le calcaire). En fran\u00e7ais, le terme qui englobe les deux notions est p\u00e9trole (ou gaz) de roche-m\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

[Retour \u00e0 l’article principal : Comprendre le prix n\u00e9gatif du p\u00e9trole<\/a>][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/3″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Si vous voulez plus de renseignements contactez nous<\/a> !<\/p>\n

Acc\u00e9dez \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble de nos formations ici.<\/a><\/p>\n

-Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole de schiste ?-[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole de schiste\u00a0? Par Christophe Marion Le p\u00e9trole de schiste, \u00ab\u00a0shale oil\u00a0\u00bb, est un p\u00e9trole l\u00e9ger contenu dans une roche \u00e0 faible porosit\u00e9, en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du schiste.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[734],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-food-for-thought"],"yoast_head":"\nQu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole de schiste\u00a0?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole de schiste\u00a0? 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