{"id":4055,"date":"2020-05-08T16:09:48","date_gmt":"2020-05-08T14:09:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/finharmony.net\/staging\/?p=4055"},"modified":"2024-05-10T16:27:14","modified_gmt":"2024-05-10T14:27:14","slug":"quest-ce-que-le-petrole-non-conventionnel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/finharmony.net\/staging\/quest-ce-que-le-petrole-non-conventionnel\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole non conventionnel\u00a0?"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole non conventionnel\u00a0?<\/h3>\n

Par Christophe Marion <\/a><\/p>\n

Bien s\u00fbr, il n\u2019existe pas de convention, au sens d\u2019une convention internationale, sur le type ou l\u2019origine du p\u00e9trole que l\u2019on peut produire, ou pas. Conventionnel n\u2019est que la traduction paresseuse de l\u2019anglais \u00ab\u00a0conventional<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, qui signifie classique.<\/p>\n

On a donc d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9 le p\u00e9trole classique, contenu dans une roche poreuse. Form\u00e9 dans une roche-m\u00e8re, le p\u00e9trole a ensuite migr\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la roche-r\u00e9servoir. De l\u00e0, il est relativement facile \u00e0 extraire par forage. Attention\u00a0: le terme de r\u00e9servoir est trompeur, il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019une citerne dans laquelle le p\u00e9trole serait contenu, comme dans un lac souterrain. Une image plus exacte serait celle d\u2019une \u00e9ponge. Poreuse et perm\u00e9able, la roche-r\u00e9servoir contient un liquide (ou un gaz), qui peut remonter facilement \u00e0 la surface, du fait de la pression exerc\u00e9e par les roches situ\u00e9es au-dessus. Voil\u00e0 pourquoi le p\u00e9trole peut jaillir une fois que la roche-couvercle, \u00ab\u00a0cap rock<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, qui le retenait a \u00e9t\u00e9 for\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Le p\u00e9trole non conventionnel, lui, ne jaillit jamais. Il peut \u00eatre non conventionnel par la technique de forage, ou par le processus de production.<\/p>\n

Le plus important p\u00e9trole non conventionnel est le p\u00e9trole de schiste<\/a>. Il est obtenu par une technique de forage particuli\u00e8re, la fracturation hydraulique, \u00ab\u00a0fracking<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Le p\u00e9trole extrait par forage off-shore ultra-profond, ou dans des conditions polaires, est \u00e9galement parfois appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0non conventionnel\u00a0\u00bb. Mais avec les progr\u00e8s des techniques de forage, la d\u00e9finition est mouvante. La fronti\u00e8re entre \u00ab\u00a0conventionnel\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0non conventionnel\u00a0\u00bb n\u2019est donc pas pr\u00e9cise. De plus, la fracturation hydraulique et d\u2019autres techniques \u00ab\u00a0non conventionnelles\u00a0\u00bb sont aussi mises en \u0153uvre pour am\u00e9liorer la production de gisements \u00ab\u00a0conventionnels\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Les autres p\u00e9troles non conventionnels le sont par leur proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de production\u00a0: ils sont fabriqu\u00e9s. On parle de p\u00e9trole de synth\u00e8se.<\/p>\n

Les sables bitumineux<\/u> (\u00ab\u00a0oil sands<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb) contiennent un p\u00e9trole trop lourd, pas assez liquide (voire solide), pour percoler entre les grains de sable et \u00eatre for\u00e9. Le sable est alors pr\u00e9lev\u00e9 dans une mine, souvent \u00e0 ciel ouvert, et diff\u00e9rents traitements sont mis en \u0153uvre pour isoler le bitume, qui est ensuite transform\u00e9 en p\u00e9trole.<\/p>\n

Les schistes bitumineux<\/u> (\u00ab\u00a0oil shale<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb) sont eux aussi r\u00e9colt\u00e9s par exploitation mini\u00e8re. Les schistes bitumineux peuvent \u00eatre br\u00fbl\u00e9s tels quels, ou trait\u00e9s pour produire du p\u00e9trole par pyrolyse. Attention\u00a0: (1) la roche n\u2019est pas toujours du schiste, et (2) il ne pas faut pas le confondre avec le p\u00e9trole de schiste, \u00ab\u00a0shale oil<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

D\u2019autres p\u00e9troles de synth\u00e8se sont produits par la transformation du charbon, du gaz naturel ou de diff\u00e9rents d\u00e9chets ou r\u00e9sidus p\u00e9troliers.<\/p>\n

Enfin, le biop\u00e9trole serait un p\u00e9trole non conventionnel s\u2019il \u00e9tait produit industriellement. Et certains consid\u00e8rent que les biocarburants sont non conventionnels. Mais il s\u2019agit de produits raffin\u00e9s, pas de p\u00e9trole brut.<\/p>\n

Les p\u00e9troles non conventionnels ont en commun de n\u00e9cessiter des traitements plus lourds que le p\u00e9trole conventionnel, ce qui entraine un co\u00fbt financier et environnemental plus important.<\/p>\n

Paradoxalement, pour soutenir les cours du p\u00e9trole, ce sont souvent les p\u00e9troles les moins chers \u00e0 produire (Arabie Saoudite, en particulier) qui sont retir\u00e9s du march\u00e9 en premier. En effet, les pays membres de l\u2019OPEP se soumettent \u00e0 des quotas de production qui ne s\u2019appliquent pas aux producteurs am\u00e9ricains de p\u00e9trole de schiste.<\/p>\n

[Retour \u00e0 l’article principal : Comprendre le prix n\u00e9gatif du p\u00e9trole<\/a>][\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/3″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Si vous voulez plus de renseignements contactez nous<\/a> !<\/h3>\n

Acc\u00e9dez \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble de nos formations ici.<\/a><\/p>\n

-Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole non conventionnel ?-[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole non conventionnel\u00a0? Par Christophe Marion Bien s\u00fbr, il n\u2019existe pas de convention, au sens d\u2019une convention internationale, sur le type ou l\u2019origine du p\u00e9trole que…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":4032,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[734],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food-for-thought"],"yoast_head":"\nQu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole non conventionnel\u00a0?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Qu\u2019est-ce que le p\u00e9trole non conventionnel\u00a0? 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